Alpha Male Mindset

The Self-Respect Code: How Men Stop Betraying Themselves and Start Living With Standards

A man can demand respect from the world while quietly losing respect for himself.

Every promise he repeatedly breaks weakens it. Every boundary he abandons weakens it. Every excuse he protects weakens it. Every time he says he will train, save, work, speak honestly, leave a destructive situation, or stop a damaging habit—and then refuses to follow through—something inside him remembers. That is why self-respect cannot be built through affirmations alone. It is built through evidence. Through discipline. Through truth. Through boundaries. Through taking responsibility. Through keeping your word when nobody else would know whether you broke it.

Many men want confidence.

They want respect.

They want stronger relationships.

Better health.

More money.

Greater discipline.

A more powerful presence.

But beneath all of those goals sits something deeper:

self-respect.

A man who respects himself carries himself differently.

He stops begging for approval.

He becomes more careful with his time.

He stops repeatedly tolerating treatment that degrades him.

He protects his health.

He takes money seriously.

He faces uncomfortable truth.

He admits mistakes.

He keeps more of the promises he makes.

He stops allowing temporary comfort to destroy his future.

Self-respect is not arrogance.

It is not believing you are more important than everyone else.

It is not demanding special treatment.

It is not refusing criticism.

It is not pretending you are always right.

Self-respect is the decision to stop living beneath the standards you know your life requires.

Alpha Thought:
A man loses self-respect every time he repeatedly abandons the standards he claims to live by.


Quick Alpha Summary

Self-respect for men is built through repeated evidence.

It grows when a man:

  • Keeps promises to himself
  • Acts according to his values
  • Protects his health
  • Uses his time deliberately
  • Sets clear boundaries
  • Faces financial reality
  • Corrects himself when wrong
  • Leaves destructive patterns
  • Controls what enters his mind
  • Chooses standards over validation

It weakens when he:

  • Repeatedly breaks his word
  • Tolerates constant disrespect
  • Avoids obvious responsibilities
  • Neglects his body
  • Lies to himself about money
  • Chases approval
  • Refuses necessary conversations
  • Uses distraction to escape
  • Protects bad habits with excuses
  • Says one thing but repeatedly does another

One mistake does not destroy self-respect.

One difficult week does not define a man.

But repeated self-betrayal can become an identity.

The solution is not pretending to feel more confident.

The solution is rebuilding trust with yourself through action.

Alpha Thought:
Self-respect is not something a man demands from life. It is something he builds through the way he lives.


What Is Self-Respect?

Self-respect is the belief that your life, body, time, values, future, and responsibilities deserve protection.

It means you refuse to treat yourself as worthless.

It means you stop living as though your health does not matter.

Your time does not matter.

Your word does not matter.

Your future does not matter.

Your values do not matter.

Self-respect means:

  • Keeping promises to yourself
  • Refusing degrading treatment
  • Acting according to your values
  • Taking responsibility
  • Protecting your physical and mental health
  • Using your time properly
  • Speaking truthfully
  • Setting boundaries
  • Leaving what repeatedly weakens you
  • Correcting behaviour that damages your life

Self-respect is not perfection.

A man with self-respect can fail.

He can make mistakes.

He can struggle.

He can need help.

He can lose direction temporarily.

What separates him is that he does not turn failure into permanent surrender.

He returns to the standard.

He tells the truth.

He corrects the behaviour.

He rebuilds.

Arrogance says:

“I am better than everyone.”

Self-respect says:

“I will not keep living beneath my values.”

Arrogance refuses correction.

Self-respect welcomes truth.

Arrogance seeks superiority.

Self-respect seeks alignment.

Arrogance needs other people to feel smaller.

Self-respect allows a man to stand firmly without degrading anyone else.

Alpha Thought:
Self-respect does not require a man to believe he is above others. It requires him to stop living beneath himself.


Confidence and Self-Respect Are Not the Same

Confidence and self-respect are connected, but they are not identical.

Confidence is often connected to ability.

A man may feel confident because he knows he can perform well.

Speak publicly.

Lead a meeting.

Train hard.

Handle social situations.

Build something.

Solve a problem.

Self-respect is more deeply connected to character.

A man may be socially confident but privately disrespect himself.

He may command attention in a room while neglecting his health.

He may speak powerfully while tolerating humiliation in a relationship.

He may motivate thousands of people while repeatedly breaking promises to himself.

He may look successful while avoiding his debts.

He may appear fearless while being controlled by validation.

Confidence influences how a man enters a room.

Self-respect influences how he lives when the room is empty.

When nobody is watching, does he keep his word?

Does he care for his body?

Does he control what he consumes?

Does he face reality?

Does he act according to the values he publicly claims?

Confidence can be performed.

Self-respect is harder to fake.

A man may convince the world that he is powerful.

But he knows whether his private life supports that image.

Alpha Thought:
Confidence affects how a man presents himself. Self-respect determines whether he believes the man behind the presentation.


Self-Betrayal: The Hidden Destroyer

The deepest damage to self-respect often comes from self-betrayal.

Self-betrayal happens when a man repeatedly acts against what he knows is right for him.

He tells himself he will change.

Then he protects the pattern.

He says he has a standard.

Then he abandons it when comfort appears.

He says his future matters.

Then he repeatedly chooses habits that weaken it.

Men betray themselves when they:

  • Make promises they do not keep
  • Tolerate repeated disrespect
  • Ignore obvious health problems
  • Stay in destructive relationships without addressing the pattern
  • Spend money they said they would save
  • Return to habits they said they would stop
  • Remain silent when they should speak
  • Abandon goals for temporary comfort
  • Pretend everything is fine
  • Live according to other people’s approval
  • Avoid responsibility
  • Refuse necessary help
  • Ignore their own values

One failure does not make a man weak.

A broken promise can be corrected.

A bad week can be recovered.

A mistake can become a lesson.

The danger is repetition without correction.

When self-betrayal becomes normal, the man begins losing faith in himself.

He no longer believes his plans.

His goals sound empty.

His promises feel meaningless.

He says, “I will start tomorrow,” but part of him already knows he probably will not.

That internal loss of trust damages confidence.

Not because the man is incapable.

But because he has trained himself not to believe his own word.

Alpha Thought:
The most damaging betrayal is often the betrayal a man repeatedly commits against his own future.


Your Word Must Mean Something to You

A man’s relationship with his own word matters.

If he repeatedly says:

“I will start Monday.”

“I will train tomorrow.”

“I will stop scrolling.”

“I will save this month.”

“I will leave that situation.”

“I will have the conversation.”

“I will finish the work.”

“I will stop drinking so much.”

“I will book the appointment.”

And repeatedly fails to act, he teaches himself that his own word has no authority.

This creates a dangerous inner pattern.

Plans become wishes.

Standards become slogans.

Goals become fantasies.

Promises become emotional moments rather than commitments.

The solution is not making bigger promises.

It is making smaller promises and keeping them.

Do not promise to train seven days a week when you have not trained once this month.

Promise to train twice.

Then do it.

Do not promise to save half your income immediately if your spending is out of control.

Choose a realistic amount.

Then protect it.

Do not promise to completely transform your life overnight.

Choose one standard.

Keep it long enough to rebuild trust.

Every kept promise becomes evidence.

Every completed action says:

“My word has weight.”

“I can trust myself again.”

“I do what I say.”

This is how self-respect grows.

Not through dramatic declarations.

Through repeated proof.

Alpha Thought:
The quickest way to weaken trust in yourself is to make promises casually. The strongest way to rebuild it is to keep one small promise consistently.


Self-Respect and Physical Health

A man cannot claim to respect himself while constantly neglecting the body carrying his mission.

This does not mean he needs a perfect body.

It does not mean obsession.

Punishment.

Extreme dieting.

Training through injury.

Or living only for appearance.

It means leadership.

Self-respect may look like:

  • Training consistently
  • Walking regularly
  • Sleeping properly
  • Eating with intention
  • Maintaining personal hygiene
  • Attending health checks
  • Addressing persistent symptoms
  • Taking sexual or fertility concerns seriously
  • Reducing excessive alcohol
  • Working towards stopping smoking or vaping
  • Protecting mental health
  • Asking for help when necessary

Neglect is not freedom.

A man who repeatedly ignores his body is borrowing against his future.

The body keeps records.

Poor sleep adds up.

Smoking adds up.

Excess alcohol adds up.

Inactivity adds up.

Stress adds up.

Ignored symptoms add up.

A self-respecting man does not wait for crisis before deciding his health matters.

He acts earlier.

Not from fear.

From responsibility.

The body does not need hatred.

It does not need punishment because it is not yet where the man wants it to be.

It needs leadership.

Consistency.

Food.

Movement.

Recovery.

Attention.

Alpha Thought:
A man shows respect for his future by caring for the body that must carry him there.


Self-Respect and Boundaries

Boundaries show other people how access to you works.

A boundary is not a threat.

It is not manipulation.

It is not punishment.

It is not controlling another person.

It is a clear statement of what a man will and will not continue participating in.

A man with self-respect does not repeatedly tolerate:

  • Constant insults
  • Manipulation
  • Exploitation
  • Repeated dishonesty
  • One-sided relationships
  • Disrespect disguised as humour
  • People continually wasting his time
  • Pressure to abandon his values
  • Emotional games
  • Threats
  • Repeated boundary violations

A boundary may sound like:

“I will not continue this conversation while I am being insulted.”

“I cannot keep lending money under these conditions.”

“I need more notice before you expect my time.”

“I will not participate in dishonest behaviour.”

“If this pattern continues, I will step away.”

A real boundary includes action.

It is not an empty warning repeated forever.

If a man says he will leave the conversation when abuse begins, he must leave.

If he says dishonesty has consequences, there must be consequences.

Otherwise the boundary becomes another broken promise.

Boundaries should also be applied with wisdom.

A man should not use “boundaries” as an excuse to avoid accountability.

Correction is not always disrespect.

Disagreement is not always abuse.

Someone saying no is not necessarily rejecting his worth.

Strong boundaries require self-awareness as well as courage.

Alpha Thought:
A boundary is not an attempt to control another person. It is a decision about what access a man will continue allowing.


Self-Respect in Relationships

A self-respecting man does not beg for love.

He does not chase someone who repeatedly rejects, humiliates, manipulates, or disrespects him.

He does not remain indefinitely in destructive patterns while calling endurance “loyalty.”

But self-respect also means he treats other people properly.

He does not manipulate.

He does not use silence as punishment.

He does not threaten to leave during every disagreement.

He does not cheat.

He does not demand loyalty while behaving dishonestly.

He does not use confidence as permission for cruelty.

A self-respecting man:

  • Communicates clearly
  • Listens
  • Takes responsibility for mistakes
  • Apologises when wrong
  • States boundaries
  • Respects the other person’s boundaries
  • Addresses problems early
  • Refuses emotional games
  • Leaves destructive patterns when genuine change is absent
  • Does not lose himself trying to keep someone

Self-respect and respect for others should grow together.

If a man only protects himself but damages everyone around him, that is not strength.

If he only serves others while abandoning himself, that is not strength either.

Healthy relationships require mutual dignity.

Alpha Thought:
Self-respect does not teach a man to care less about others. It teaches him to stop abandoning himself while caring for them.


Stop Begging to Be Chosen

Many men lose self-respect by trying to convince someone to value them.

They over-message.

Over-explain.

Chase mixed signals.

Accept poor treatment.

Ignore obvious rejection.

Try to become whatever the other person wants.

They believe that if they work hard enough, give enough, or tolerate enough, they will finally be chosen.

But love that requires a man to destroy his dignity is too expensive.

This does not mean a man should become cold.

Relationships require effort.

Communication.

Patience.

Understanding.

Compromise.

But compromise is not self-erasure.

A self-respecting man recognises when effort has become begging.

When patience has become denial.

When loyalty has become fear of leaving.

When love has become permission for repeated harm.

He understands that rejection can hurt without defining his worth.

He can grieve without chasing.

He can care without surrendering his entire identity.

Alpha Thought:
A man should never have to destroy his dignity to prove that he deserves love.


Self-Respect and Money

Financial self-respect means refusing to repeatedly sacrifice your future for temporary appearance.

It means facing reality.

Not pretending.

Not avoiding statements.

Not spending to impress.

Not hiding from debt.

Not building a lifestyle that only survives through pressure.

Financial self-respect includes:

  • Living within your means
  • Knowing where your money goes
  • Paying attention to debt
  • Saving consistently
  • Building financial knowledge
  • Avoiding purchases made for validation
  • Planning before spending
  • Creating an emergency fund
  • Building assets where appropriate
  • Facing financial problems honestly
  • Seeking professional help when needed

A man does not need to be wealthy to have financial self-respect.

He may be rebuilding.

Recovering from mistakes.

Starting from very little.

Facing debt.

Working towards a better income.

The important question is whether he is leading the situation honestly.

Is he tracking?

Learning?

Planning?

Reducing unnecessary spending?

Building skills?

Taking responsibility?

Or is he continuing to perform wealth while avoiding financial truth?

The self-respecting man does not need to look rich.

He wants to become financially stronger.

Alpha Thought:
Financial self-respect begins when a man stops spending for appearance and starts building for freedom.


Self-Respect and Work

A man respects himself through the quality of his effort.

That does not mean accepting exploitation.

It does not mean sacrificing health for an employer.

It does not mean tolerating harassment or burnout.

It means refusing to become careless with his own potential.

Self-respect at work includes:

  • Doing honest work
  • Arriving prepared
  • Keeping commitments
  • Improving skills
  • Taking responsibility for mistakes
  • Refusing habitual laziness
  • Asking for fair treatment
  • Documenting concerns appropriately
  • Building options
  • Leaving damaging environments when possible
  • Creating a plan instead of complaining forever

A self-respecting man does not deliberately do poor work and then demand greater rewards.

He builds value.

He becomes more capable.

He improves communication.

He learns.

He prepares.

But he also refuses to believe that loyalty means accepting endless disrespect.

He can be hardworking without becoming a doormat.

Ambitious without becoming dishonest.

Confident without becoming arrogant.

Professional without surrendering dignity.

Alpha Thought:
A man respects himself by giving honest effort—and by refusing to let his effort become permission for exploitation.


Self-Respect and Digital Behaviour

A man may lose respect for himself through what he repeatedly consumes.

Digital habits shape attention.

Mood.

Desire.

Discipline.

Time.

Beliefs.

Self-image.

Examples of digital behaviour that can weaken a man include:

  • Endless social media scrolling
  • Pornography
  • Constant sexualised content
  • Online arguments
  • Doomscrolling
  • Watching other people succeed instead of acting
  • Gaming while responsibilities remain unfinished
  • Checking the phone every few minutes
  • Comparing his life with curated images
  • Seeking validation through reactions and likes
  • Filling every silent moment with noise

Digital self-respect means deciding what deserves access to your mind.

It may involve:

  • Turning off unnecessary notifications
  • Removing certain apps
  • Unfollowing harmful accounts
  • Setting time limits
  • Keeping the phone out of the bedroom
  • Avoiding sexualised content
  • Creating no-phone work periods
  • Building before consuming
  • Refusing pointless online conflict

The issue is not technology itself.

It is control.

Does the man control the tool?

Or does the tool control the man?

Alpha Thought:
Digital self-respect begins when a man stops giving unlimited access to the habits that repeatedly weaken his mind.


Stop Seeking Respect From People You Do Not Respect

Many men exhaust themselves trying to impress people whose character they do not admire.

They chase approval from:

  • Strangers online
  • Negative friends
  • Former partners
  • Critics
  • People committed to misunderstanding them
  • Status-driven social groups
  • Manipulative relatives
  • Men whose values they would never choose to live by

They change how they dress.

Speak.

Spend.

Work.

Think.

Even who they date.

All to gain approval from people they do not truly respect.

A stronger man asks:

“Why am I giving this person authority over how I see myself?”

This does not mean criticism should always be ignored.

Sometimes people we dislike still tell us something true.

Self-respect includes examining criticism honestly.

But a man should stop building his identity around winning approval from people who have no meaningful role in his mission.

Not everyone will understand him.

Not everyone will support him.

Not everyone will like his boundaries.

Not everyone will applaud his growth.

That is not always a problem.

Alpha Thought:
Do not hand the measurement of your worth to people whose values you would never choose to live by.


Self-Respect Requires Honest Self-Correction

Self-respect is not pretending you are always right.

A man who cannot admit mistakes does not have strong self-respect.

He has a fragile ego.

Real self-respect includes the courage to admit:

  • I was wrong
  • I have been lazy
  • I stayed too long
  • I allowed this pattern
  • I damaged trust
  • I need support
  • I need to change
  • My current habits do not match my values
  • I blamed others for something I could control
  • I have been avoiding responsibility

A man who respects himself corrects himself.

He does not protect every weakness with excuses.

He does not rewrite every story so he remains the victim.

He does not call every consequence unfair.

He examines his part.

This does not mean taking responsibility for what other people did.

It means taking responsibility for his own choices, responses, boundaries, and next steps.

Self-correction is not self-hatred.

It is alignment.

The man sees the gap between his behaviour and his values.

Then he works to close it.

Alpha Thought:
A man who respects himself enough to tell the truth also respects himself enough to change.


Self-Respect and Faith

For a man of faith, self-respect should not become self-worship.

His worth is not based only on status, money, appearance, achievement, or public admiration.

Self-respect can be connected to stewardship.

How is he treating the body, time, gifts, relationships, opportunities, and responsibilities placed in his hands?

Is he living with integrity when nobody is watching?

Is he using his strength to serve?

Is he honest?

Is he disciplined?

Is he allowing fear or approval to replace conviction?

Faith can deepen self-respect by moving it beyond ego.

The man does not respect himself because he believes he is flawless.

He respects the responsibility attached to his life.

He seeks to honour God through:

  • Character
  • Truth
  • Discipline
  • Humility
  • Service
  • Stewardship
  • Courage
  • Self-control

Faith also reminds him that correction is not condemnation.

He can admit failure without believing he is permanently ruined.

He can repent.

Repair.

Learn.

Rebuild.

Alpha Thought:
Faith-rooted self-respect is not vanity. It is the decision to treat your life as something entrusted to you, not something to waste.


Self-Respect Is Not Isolation

Some men respond to hurt by deciding they need nobody.

They call isolation strength.

They stop trusting.

Stop communicating.

Refuse support.

Avoid vulnerability.

Keep every struggle hidden.

But complete isolation is not the highest form of self-respect.

A self-respecting man knows when to stand alone.

He also knows when to seek help.

He can speak to:

  • A trusted friend
  • A mentor
  • A family member
  • A pastor or faith leader
  • A counsellor
  • A doctor
  • A financial professional
  • A support group

Needing support does not erase strength.

Sometimes asking for help is the most responsible decision available.

Self-respect means protecting your life—not protecting the illusion that you never struggle.

Alpha Thought:
A strong man does not prove self-respect by carrying every burden alone. He proves it by taking the actions necessary to move forward.


The Self-Respect Audit

Use this audit honestly.

Do not answer as the man you want people to believe you are.

Answer as the man who is ready to change.

Your word

  • What promise to myself do I keep breaking?
  • Do I trust what I tell myself?
  • Do I make commitments too casually?
  • What small promise could I begin keeping today?

Health

  • Am I caring for my body properly?
  • What symptom or appointment am I avoiding?
  • Is my sleep supporting my future?
  • What habit is damaging my health?

Boundaries

  • Where am I tolerating repeated disrespect?
  • What boundary needs to be established?
  • Where have I made threats without taking action?
  • Am I confusing correction with disrespect?

Relationships

  • Am I begging to be chosen?
  • Do I communicate honestly?
  • Do I respect other people’s boundaries?
  • What pattern keeps repeating?

Money

  • Is my spending aligned with my future?
  • Am I buying for validation?
  • Do I know where my money goes?
  • What financial truth am I avoiding?

Digital behaviour

  • Which habit makes me respect myself less?
  • What content is weakening my mind?
  • How much time am I losing?
  • What digital boundary do I need?

Character

  • What truth am I avoiding?
  • Where am I seeking validation?
  • What mistake do I need to admit?
  • What would a self-respecting version of me do next?

The final question matters most:

What would a self-respecting version of me do next?

Not next year.

Not after motivation arrives.

Next.


The 30-Day Self-Respect Reset

This reset is designed to help a man rebuild trust with himself.

It is not about perfection.

It is about evidence.

Days 1–7: Tell the Truth

During the first week:

  • Identify broken promises
  • Write down destructive habits
  • Identify weak boundaries
  • Review health, money, relationships, work, and time
  • Choose one area requiring immediate change
  • Admit one truth you have avoided
  • Write down what continued inaction will cost you

The goal is honesty.

Self-respect cannot grow in denial.

Days 8–14: Rebuild Trust With Yourself

During the second week:

  • Make one small daily promise
  • Keep it every day
  • Train or walk consistently
  • Complete one delayed task
  • Stop making promises you do not intend to keep
  • Create a simple morning standard
  • Record each promise you kept

The goal is evidence.

Your mind needs proof that your word has weight.

Days 15–21: Strengthen Boundaries

During the third week:

  • Say no once without unnecessary guilt
  • Address one disrespectful pattern
  • Reduce access to negative people
  • Remove one digital trigger
  • Communicate one clear standard
  • Stop explaining yourself endlessly
  • Follow through on one stated consequence

The goal is protection.

Boundaries without action are only requests.

Days 22–30: Live by Standards

During the final stage:

  • Write your personal code
  • Choose three non-negotiables
  • Set one 90-day goal
  • Align your routine with your values
  • Review your behaviour each evening
  • Correct one repeated weakness
  • Decide what you will no longer tolerate from yourself

The goal is identity.

You are no longer trying to feel self-respect temporarily.

You are beginning to live in a way that produces it.

Alpha Thought:
Self-respect becomes real when a man’s daily actions begin matching the standards he claims to value.


The Alpha Self-Respect Code

The Alpha Self-Respect Code can be reduced to ten principles.

1. My word to myself must mean something

I will stop making promises casually.

2. I do not repeatedly tolerate disrespect

I will communicate boundaries and act when they are ignored.

3. I protect my health

I will treat my body as part of my responsibility.

4. I use money with intention

I will stop sacrificing my future for appearance.

5. I control what enters my mind

I will not give unlimited access to content that weakens me.

6. I speak truthfully

I will stop using lies to protect comfort.

7. I correct myself when wrong

My ego will not become stronger than my character.

8. I set boundaries without cruelty

Strength does not require humiliation.

9. I choose standards over validation

Not everyone needs to approve of the life I am building.

10. I live in a way my future self can respect

My choices today will not become tomorrow’s betrayal.


Common Mistakes Men Make With Self-Respect

Confusing self-respect with arrogance

Self-respect does not require looking down on others.

Demanding respect without becoming respectable

A man should examine whether his own behaviour reflects the treatment he expects.

Setting boundaries without consequences

A boundary repeatedly ignored without action becomes an empty statement.

Using self-respect as an excuse to avoid criticism

Correction can be uncomfortable without being disrespectful.

Trying to change everything at once

Massive promises often create another cycle of failure.

Remaining in destructive patterns indefinitely

Patience should not become permission for repeated harm.

Believing self-respect means never asking for help

Support can be an act of responsibility.

Building confidence only for appearance

External performance cannot replace private integrity.

Waiting to feel worthy before acting

Action often creates the evidence self-respect requires.

Refusing to forgive yourself

Self-respect includes learning from the past without remaining chained to it.

Alpha Thought:
A man does not rebuild self-respect by pretending the past never happened. He rebuilds it by refusing to repeat it.


Final Alpha Standard

A man does not build self-respect by demanding that others admire him.

He builds it by becoming a man whose actions match his words.

He keeps promises.

Protects his body.

Faces financial truth.

Sets boundaries.

Controls his impulses.

Admits mistakes.

Leaves destructive patterns.

Uses time with purpose.

Lives according to values.

He stops begging to be chosen.

Stops performing wealth.

Stops making promises he does not intend to keep.

Stops giving unlimited access to people and habits that repeatedly weaken him.

He does not need to become perfect.

He needs to become honest.

Honest about what he is doing.

Honest about what it is costing him.

Honest about what must change.

Self-respect is not a feeling handed to a man by the world.

It is evidence he builds through repeated action.

Every kept promise becomes evidence.

Every healthy boundary becomes evidence.

Every honest correction becomes evidence.

Every responsible financial decision becomes evidence.

Every workout completed becomes evidence.

Every difficult truth faced becomes evidence.

Every destructive pattern left behind becomes evidence.

And eventually, the man begins trusting himself again.

Not because he repeated a positive phrase.

Because his life started proving the phrase was true.

Final Alpha Thought:
Become the kind of man you do not need to lie to yourself about.


Build the Standards That Make Self-Respect Real

Alpha Circle Club helps men develop discipline, confidence, emotional control, boundaries, health, wealth, faith, and purpose from the inside out.

Stop begging the world for respect.

Start living in a way that earns your own.

You may also like...

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *